About std::ostream constructor

I want to use std::ostream like this:

int main() { std::ostream os; os << "something ..." << std::endl; return 0; } 

There's an error said that the ostream constructor is protected:

error: ‘std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_ostream() [with _CharT = char; _Traits = std::char_traits]’ is protected.

But I remember operator<< could be overloaded like this:

// In a class. friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream& out, const String & s) { out << s.m_s; return out; } 

Any advice on why my code doesn't work?

1 Answer

The std::ostream, the std::istream or the std::iostream are base classes of stream types (e.g. std::stringstream, std::fstream, etc.) in the Standard Library. These classes are protected against instantiation, you can instantiate their derived classes only. The error message

error: 'std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::basic_ostream() [with _CharT = char; _Traits = std::char_traits]' is protected

tells you the same.

Your second example is valid because you can use references to the base class of derived classes. In this case no constructor is called, a reference only refers to an existing object. Here is an example how can use std::ostream& to the std::cout:

#include <iostream> int main() { std::ostream& os = std::cout; os << "something ..." << std::endl; } 

The reason behind using std::ostream& in overload of operator<< is that you may don't want to overload the the mentioned operator for all individual stream types, but only for the common base class of them which has the << functionality.